Difference Between Cellulose, Starch and Glycogen (with Comparison Chart)
These three polysaccharides differ in their glycosidic linkages and their functions too. Starting from the cellulose which is the monomer of beta glucose and is found in plant cell wall only. While Starch and Glycogen act as the carbohydrate reserve in plants and animals respectively. Though their chains have slight differences at the branching point, which is described below.
We all are aware of the importance of carbohydrate, whether it is plants, animals (including humans), or microorganisms. It is the most abundantly found organic substances and has the significant value, as it acts as the dietary source and also serves as the structural component, provides energy.
Carbohydrates are further classified as the monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. This classification is on the number of glucose or sugar units linked to each other. With this, we will be discussing the difference between the three main polysaccharides, which marks their presence adequately wherever needed or required.
Content: Cellulose Vs Starch Vs Glycogen
| Basis For Comparison | Cellulose | Starch | Glycogen |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meaning | One of the homopolysaccharides and an organic substance found only in plants especially in their cell wall, and they are regarded as the structural component. | Starch is also the homopolysaccharides and as the carbohydrate reserve of the plants and the dietary source for the animals. | Glycogen is also homopolysaccharide and found in animals as their carbohydrate reserve; it is also found in fungi and plants that do not contain chlorophyll. |
| Found in | Cellulose is found only in plants (cell wall). | Starch is found in plants. | Present in animals and the plants that do not contain chlorophyll like fungi. |
| Glucose unit linkages | Cellulose constitutes their glucose residues as β(1-4) glycosidic bonds. | Starch contains glucose residues as α(1-4) glycosidic bonds in amylose, while in amylopectin α(1-6) glycosidic linkages at branching points, otherwise α(1-4) linkages. | Glycogen also contains α(1-4) and α(1-6) (at branching points) glycosidic bonds between their monomers. |
| Molar mass | 162.1406 g/mol. | The molar mass of starch varies. | 666.5777 g/mol. |
| Type of chain | These are long, straight, unbranched chains forming H-bonds with the adjacent chains. | They are coiled and unbranched (amylose) or long, branched (amylopectin). | Short and highly branched chains. |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble. | Amylose is water soluble, and amylopectin is water insoluble. | Soluble in the small extent, as they are highly branched. |
| Forms | Fibres form. | Grain form. | Small granules. |
Definition of Cellulose
Cellulose is solely found in the plant only and is absent in vertebrates. In plants, it acts as the structural component and is present in the cell wall, especially in trunks, the woody area of the plants. Cellulose is the polysaccharide and is made up of numerous glucose units linking together forming the long chain.
The linking of the glucose unit or the glycosidic bond is of β(1-4). The chain is unbranched, linear containing 10,000 to 15,000 D-glucose units.
The above statement is important to notice as this is the only reason that human cannot digest (hydrolyze) cellulose, as the enzyme which is needed to the break the beta-glycosidic linkage is absent in humans. Though certain ruminating animals have the microorganisms in their gut, which can break the beta-glycosidic bonds.
Termites can digest cellulose, as they contain a microorganism, Trichonympha, which secretes cellulase enzyme and thus can hydrolyze the β(1-4) linkages.
Definition of Starch
Another type of polysaccharide, acting as the chief carbohydrate reserve for the plants, and the principal dietary source for the animals and humans. Starch occurs in two types of polymer amylose and amylopectin. Both the polymers are composed of the D-glucose, with the alpha glycosidic bonds known as glucan or glucosan.
Being of the same the glycosidic bond, amylose and amylopectin differ in their properties. Amylose contains unbranched, long chain with α(1-4) glycosidic bonds, vary in their molecular weight. Amylose is insoluble in water.
On the other hand, amylopectin contains highly branched chains, with the α(1-4) glycosidic bond and α(1-6) linkages at their branching point (occurring at every 24 to 30 residues). Amylopectin has high molecular weight and is soluble in water. Starch is mainly found in cereals, vegetables, roots, tubers, etc.
Definition of Glycogen
Glycogen, often termed as animal starch, though found in plants that do not contain chlorophyll like yeast, fungi, etc. It is also the homopolysaccharide having the glycogen bonds or linkages similar to that of the amylopectin, with the more branches. Glycogen has the α(1-4) glycosidic bonds with the α(1-6) glycosidic bonds at the branching points (occurring at every 8 to 12 residues).
Glycogen has short but highly branched chains with high molecular weight. It is abundantly present in liver, and also found in the brain, skeletal muscles, etc.
Key Difference Between Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen
Following points are the key differences between the three types of polysaccharides:
Conclusion
Participation of carbohydrate is seen everywhere and in various forms. Thus the above explanation was to know about polysaccharides (types of carbohydrates) and their components in the much better way and how they differ from each other.
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